PRE HISTORIC ( all dates = B.C. )
@ 20,000 Earliest migrants
10,000 Cave paintings in Levanzo ( island off coast at Trapani )
3,000 First use of copper
1,800 Beginning of Bronze Age
1,600 - 1,400 “late Minoan” Crete
1,200 Sicels arrive from mainland Italy
1,200 End of Mycenaen Age in Greece
PHOENICIANS (from present day Lebanon)
@ 800 - founded Carthage on north coast of Africa-near modern Tunisia
700 Motya colonized ( now Isola San Pantaleo-between Marsala/Trapani)
536 founded Panormus ( now Palermo )
ANCIENT GREEK - (Oligarchies of Aristocrats) (Magna Graecia
740 Naxos landings and base set up Sicily & southern Italy)
733 Siracusa colonized ( Corinth - Dorian)
730 Zancle (Messina) colonized
728 Megara Hyblaea colonized (Megara)
688 Gela colonized ( Rhodes/Crete)
650 Himera colonized (with Thermae is now Termini Imerese)
630 Selinus (Selinunte) colonized
600 Kamerina colonized
580 Akragas ( Girgenti >Agrigento) colonized
396 Tyndaris colonized
CLASSICAL GREEK - Golden Age-Tyrants in Sicily (generally wise and popular
rulers)
504 - 466 Cleander, Hippocrates and Gelon in Gela
Gelon in Siracusa, Theron in Akragas and Himera
490 - 497 Persian Wars 480 Defeat of Carthaginians at Himera
476 - 467 Hiero
DEMOCRATIC INTERLUDE
452 Revolt of Ducetius
431 - 404 Peloponnesian War
427 - 424 War between Siracusa and Leontini
424 Congress at Gela
415 - 413 Athenian invasion
410 - 405 Carthaginian invasion
409 Himera destroyed
406 Akragas abandoned and sacked
SIRCUSAN DOMINATION
405 - 367 Dionysius I
398 - 396 War with Carthage
397 - Fall of Motya
398 - 397 Plato visits Siracusa
367 - 344 Dionysius II
359 - 336 Philip II of Macedon
354 Dion rules Siracusa
346 - 345 Carthaginian invasion
344 - 338 Timoleon
340 Defeat of Carthaginians
336 - 323 Alexander the Great (Macedonia)
HELLENISTIC GREEK
317 - 289 Agathocles
311 Carthaginian invasion of Sicily
310 - 306 North Africa invaded
305 Agathocles assumes royal title
282 Gela destroyed by Phintias of Akragas
280 Carthaginian invasion
278 - 276 Pyrrhus in Sicily
272 Rome captured Tarentum
265 - 215 Hieron II becomes King of Siracusa
ROMAN - Republican Period
264 - 241 First Punic War ( Romans vs western Phoenicians/Carthaginians)
261 Romans capture Akragas
250 Selinunte destroyed
238 Rome seizes Sardinia
218 - 201 Second Punic War
215 Death of Hiero II
212 Siracusa falls to Marcellus of Rome
210 Sicily becomes first Province of Rome
139 - 132 Slave Revolts
73 - 71 Governorship of Verres of Rome
73 - 71 Slave Revolt in Italy under Spartacus
44 - 36 Sextus Pompey n Sicily
31 Battle of Actium
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ANNO DOMINI - A.D.
IMPERIAL ROME
14 Death of Augustus
117 - 138 Hadrian emperor
139 Slave revolt-led by Eunus in Enna
193 - 211 Septmus Severus
284 - 305 Diocletian emperor
304 Martyrdom of Santa Lucia
306 - 337 Constantine
313 Edict of Toleration
325 Council of Nicaea
429 Vandals in North Africa
440 FIRST VANDALS RAID (Germanic people)
440 - 461 Pope Leo I
451 Council of Chalcedon
468 - 476 Vandal control of Sicily (Gaiseric,King)
476 - 535 OSTROGOTH RULE
(eastern Goths from part of modern Ukraine & Belarus)
476 - 493 Odoacer
492 - 496 Pope Gelasius I
493 - 526 Theodoric
527 - 565 Emperor Justinian I of Byzantium
BYZANTINE PERIOD ( Byzantium > Constantinople-now Istanbul)
535 General Belarius captures Sicily
590 - 604 Pope Gregory thr Great
610 - 641 Heraclius
651 - 652 First Arab Raid
663 - 668 Emperor Constantine II in Sicily
687 - 705 Pope Sergius I
689 Arabs capture Carthage ( North Africa)
692 Sicily becomes Byzantine theme
717 - 741 Pope Leo III
726 Constantine confiscates papal patrimony
741 - 775 Constantine V
781 - 782 Revolt of Elpidius
827 Revolt of Euphemius
ARAB INVASION
831 Palermo falls to Arabs (Saracens)
878 Siracusa falls to Arabs
NORMAN PERIOD
1061 Norman invasion of Sicily
1071 Normans take Palermo
1091 Norman conquest of Sicily complete
Norman Rulers and Kings
1091 - 1101 Roger I (the Great Count)
1101 - 1112 Adelaide Regent
1112 - 1154 Roger II (King Roger of Sicily from 1130)
1154 - 1168 William I (‘the Bad’)
1166 - 1189 William II (‘the Good’)
1189 - 1194 Tancred
Hohenstaufens (Swabia, southwest Germany)
1194 - 1197 Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
1197 - 1250 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor)
1250 - 1254 Conrad IV (Holy Roman Emperor-Conrad I of Sicily)
1254 - 1266 Manfred (crowned 1258)
1266 - 1268 Conradin
House of Anjou ( Angevine - French )
1268 - 1282 Charles I
House of Aragon ( Spain)
1282 - 1458
Viceroys appointed from Spain
1458/1713/1718/1720
Savoy-Piemonte
1713 - 1718 Victor Amedeus ( King of Sicily)
1718 - 1720 (Viceroy)
Austrian Viceroys
1720 - 1734
Bourbon Rule from Naples
1734 -1759 Charles III
1759 - 1825 Ferdinand IV ( I of the Two Sicilies )
1825 - 1830 Francis I
1830 - 1859 Ferdinand II
1859 - 1860 Francis II
Union with Italy
1861 - 1946 House of Savoy, Kings of United Italy
1946 - Republic of Italy
1947 - First Sicilian Regional Parliament elected